السبت، 17 أغسطس 2013

Biomass, hydrogen and sun

Biomass

Biomass refers to combustible materials resulting from the decomposition of living cells. It is possible to produce a gas, for example methane, from these substances, or burn to produce heat.
In Quebec, there are large amounts of peat that could be profitable one day use for energy.
Biomass energy facilities
Biomass power plants
  • Plant materials
  • Organic agricultural waste
  • Wood residues
  • Organic wastes from sewage treatment plants
  • Peat
Biogas plants biogas
  • Natural gas products, including landfill waste

Hydrogen and sun

The sun and hydrogen are also forms of energy that a lot of interest. Although their use is limited for the moment experimental purposes, they could one day take an important place
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Fossil Fuels

Powered by fossil fuel power plants are more expensive and polluting to exploit the hydroelectric facilities.
Despite their small contribution to the total production of electricityfrom Hydro-Quebec , they play a very important role in the provision of basic energy and peak power. In addition, they can serve remote areas such asIslands Magdalen .
Role of Thermal Hydro-Québec
Some thermal plants operate continuously to meet the basic application (energy basis). This is the case of diesel power plants.The gas turbine Bécancour only works occasionally, when the demand is high and hydropower generation is insufficient.

Diesel

Central Islands Magdalen
Diesel power plants are mainly located in remote areas. They serve mostly isolated in Nunavik communities on the Lower North Shore and Upper Mauricie. Diesel fuel plants and networks of autonomous distribution. The central one-against, the largest diesel power plant Hydro-Quebec, is located in the Îles-de-la-Madeleine.


Natural gas and light fuel oil

Bécancour
The gas turbine power plants typically use as fuel light oil or natural gas.They have this name because it is the combustion gases to drive the turbine.They are only used in the production of advanced energy because of their high operating costs due to the high consumption of fuel is relatively expensive. These plants have the advantage of being started and stopped within a few minutes, while other types of power plants need longer time.
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Wind power History of wind power in Quebec

1975

Early work in the Research Institute 's Hydro-Québec (IREQ), with the installation of a vertical axis wind turbine 40 kW. It is no longer in office.

1977

Installing an experimental wind vertical axis to 230 kilowatts Islands Magdalen with the collaboration of the National Research Council (NRC) and IREQ. This wind turbine is no longer in office.

1986

Installing a horizontal axis wind turbine of 65 kW at Kuujjuaq (autonomous system). The turbine has since been dismantled. She now serves as the training college of the Gaspésie-Îles.

1987

Aeolus experimental project using a 4 MW wind turbine vertical axis rotor with a height of 96 m and a diameter at the equator to 64 m. This project was conducted in collaboration with the NRC. Wind operated commercially from March 1988 to April 1993, producing approximately 12,000 MWh. This wind turbine is no longer in office.

1987

Testing of the wind-diesel Twinning Center wind test Atlantic Island Prince Edward Island.

1995

Together with the Ministry of Natural Resources of Quebec (MNR), the University of Quebec at Rimouski and consulting firm Wind Economics and Technology Inc. (WECTEC), development of a wind map from known data to determine the wind potential of Quebec.

1997

Starting the program Hydro-Québec wind measurement specifically focused on the production of wind energy with four towers. Meanwhile, the DNR install other wind measurement towers.

1998

MNR transfer the responsibility of the entire measurement program winds.

1998

Commercial operation of the first phase of the Energy Project Nordais in Cap-Chat, consists of 76 wind turbines of 750 kW each.

1999

Commercial operation of the second phase of the Energy Project Nordais in Matane, consists of 57 wind turbines of 750 kW each.

2001

Transfer to Hydro-Québec of Matane wind test consisting of three wind turbines of 750 kW each bench.

2001

Publication of the Strategic Plan 2002-2006 's Hydro-Québec indicating that the company intends to support the development of wind power in Quebec by a targeted repurchase program of up to 100 MW per year.

2002-2004

Signature by Hydro-Québec Production of purchase contracts for wind electricity from independent power producers, for a total of almost 500 MW. Hydro-Québec Production and plays a leading role.

2003

In the wake of a decision of 5 March 2003 by the Government of Quebec, launched by Hydro-Québec Distribution in May 2003, a first tender for the acquisition of 1,000 MW of power produced from wind turbines. The contracts were awarded in October. The selection took into account the lowest unit cost, including transportation.

2005

Launched by Hydro-Québec Distribution of a second tender for the acquisition of 2,000 MW of wind energy.

2008

Contracting in the second tender for the acquisition of 2,000 MW of wind energy.

2009

Launched by Hydro-Québec Distribution of a tender for the acquisition of two separate blocks of 250 MW of electricity from wind, one from Aboriginal projects and other community projects, a total installed capacity of 500 MW.
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Wind power Integration of transport network

As the wind fluctuates depending on local weather conditions, wind generation is highly variable, while partially predictable. This hazard is added to those of the application in runoff and equipment failures that network operators are already facing.
The integration of wind power into large hydroelectric facilities is a major challenge. To meet this challenge, Hydro-Quebec is developing advanced expertise to:
  • planning the integration of wind farms to its network;
  • providing a power output which varies with the wind;
  • continue operating its network reliable and secure manner.
Thus, to ensure the safe and reliable electricity produced by wind farms different transportation Quebec, Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie will perform many works on the transport network.
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Énergie éolienne L'énergie éolienne au Québec

Énergie éolienne

L'énergie éolienne au Québec

Deux facteurs favorisent le développement de l'énergie éolienne au Québec

  • la présence de grands réservoirs qui compensent instantanément l'intermittence du vent par un apport d'énergie
  • la bonne couverture du territoire par le réseau de transport, ce qui permet l'intégration de la production éolienne, y compris en provenance de zones éloignées
projeté Projeté En construction En construction service En service
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Wind power Benchmarks to understand the complementarity

Installed power

Might

Ability to perform a job. The units of measurement of power are the watt (W) and its multiples : kilowatt (kW) megawatt (MW) gigawatt (GW) and terawatt (TW).

Installed power

Total power generators that can provide a facility (wind, hydroelectric park).It is expressed in MW (million watts).
Water
A central two generating units of 50 MW each with an installed capacity of 100 MW.
TURBINES 2 X 50 MW = 100 MW
This does not mean that the plant still produces 100 MW, but if all generating units produce up to a point, the facility will provide an output of 100 MW.
Wind
A wind farm of 50 turbines with a capacity of 2 MW each with an installed capacity of 100 MW.
WIND 50 x 2 MW = 100 MW
This does not mean that the wind farm still produces 100 MW, but if all the wind turbines produce up to a point, the facility will provide an output of 100 MW.
Power warranty
Power warranty

Power warranty

Power that can be harnessed with a predetermined reliability. It is very important for an electric utility to have guaranteed power because electricity must be available on the spot when the customer needs.
Water
You can easily ensure hydroelectric power, because you can control the amount of water turbines at any time.
Hydropower plant with an installed capacity of 100 MW power guarantee nearly 100 MW (given the relatively low risk of failure of a turbine generator).
100 MW = 100 MW GUARANTEED
Wind
In terms of a wind farm, there is no guarantee that when Ventera will need energy.
For this reason, Hydro-Québec has determined on the basis of statistical and meteorological studies the contribution of all the wind farms during peak periods represent approximately 35% of the installed capacity of these parks.
100 MW = 35 MW GUARANTEED
Energy produced

Energy

This is the power produced by an installation (wind or hydroelectric central park) multiplied by the number of hours during which the power is supplied. Measurement units of energy are the watt-hour (Wh) and multiple or per kilowatt hour (kWh) per megawatt hour (MWh), the gigawatt hour (GWh) and terawatt hours (TWh).
It is the energy, or kilowatt hours, as measured by the electric meter and is charged.
Power x Hours = Energy
A wind farm that produces 100 MW continuously for one hour produces 100 MWh.

Utilization factor

No installation of electricity can not run at full speed all the time taking into account the need for maintenance, breakdowns and the availability of the energy source. To find out how much energy can produce an installation, it is necessary to consider the annual load factor, which is the ratio of electrical energy produced during a year and the energy that would have been produced if the plant had been operating for one year continuously at maximum power. This ratio is usually expressed as a percentage.
Water
A hydropower plant with an installed capacity is100 MW and whose duty cycle is 65% (average of all Hydro-Québec hydroelectric) annually produces 569,400 MWh .
100 MW x 65 % x 8760 h = 569 400 MWh
Wind
A wind farm with an installed capacity is 100 MW and whose duty cycle is 35% (estimated average of all wind farms) produced annually, on average, 306,600 MWh.
100 MW X 35 % X 8760 h = 306 600 MWh
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